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X-band surveillance radar Х1-М «OKO» has been developed and produced at the Institute of Radio Astronomy. The radar is designed for the detection of ground or maritime targets in clutter environment, detection of UAVs at low heights. The system provides measurement of 2D coordinates (range, azimuth) of targets, RCS, radial velocity, and Doppler spectrum moments.

A Ka-band Doppler polarimetric cloud radar is outfitted with a 20 W GaN solid-state power amplifier. The radar has been developed on the basis of its magnetron-based predecessor.

Conventional magnetrons do not operate effectively at frequencies of 95 GHz and higher due to the following limitations: (i) the dimensions of magnetron cavity become too small since they scale as l, the wavelength; (ii) the necessary current density and back-bombarding are so intense that the lifetime of thermionic cathodes is too short for practical applications.

The system performs the following functions:

• Clock transmitter and receiver units,
• Analog-to-digital conversion of received signals,
• Digital quadrature demodulation of received signals,
• Automatic gain control and equalization of the amplitude and phase characteristics of the receiver channels,
• Coherent averaging of received signals based on FFT with the length of 16, 32, 64 points,
• Clutter suppression by using IIR filter of a six order in each gate,
• Production of control signals for handling antenna steering mechanism to provide scanning, target detection, and target tracking modes,
• Production of data for radar image displaying, including mapping.

The MRIAN-Ka-C-S-0.5 is a multipurpose system that can be used as meteorological radar, or as air, surface, and maritime surveillance radar. It is designed for long life time, unattended operation at unmanned sites. The radar enables for real-time remote control, monitoring, diagnostics, and access to measured data. Continuous automatic calibration of the radar sensitivity is introduced.